Jurisdiction profiles
Why particular countries recur in sanctions enforcement records and typology reports, and what the published analysis of each does and does not establish.
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These pages describe why a jurisdiction appears in published records. They are not assessments of countries, governments or businesses. Every jurisdiction here is a substantial legitimate economy, and appearing in this reference is usually a consequence of trade volume and connectivity rather than of weak rules.
- Armenia A small economy in the Eurasian Economic Union whose reported machinery exports to Russia rose roughly twenty-three-fold in the year direct routes closed, the largest single change this site's mirror-statistics analysis has found.
- China A very large manufacturing exporter, named as a transshipment point in US export-control alerts on Russia and described in Multilateral Sanctions Monitoring Team reporting as the place North Korea's stolen cryptocurrency is cashed out.
- Cyprus An EU member state with a substantial corporate services and holding-company sector that appears in a large share of published beneficial ownership concealment material.
- Estonia An EU member on Russia's border whose courts have convicted individuals and companies for sanctions breaches, which makes it one of the few places in this reference where the record is a criminal judgment rather than a penalty notice.
- Georgia A transit economy on the Black Sea whose trade and re-export figures feature in the same commodity-code analysis applied to other neighbouring states.
- Germany A major European manufacturing and trading economy whose companies appear in enforcement records and investigations concerning exports that continued to Russia after 2022, alongside the country's own active enforcement effort.
- Hong Kong A major financial and trading centre whose company formation regime, banking sector and re-export role place it in a large share of published corporate concealment cases.
- Kazakhstan A customs union member with extensive land connections to Russia and China, prominent in trade-statistics analysis of re-routed goods since 2022.
- Kyrgyzstan A Eurasian Economic Union member whose onward machinery exports to Russia rose roughly thirtyfold between 2021 and 2023, alongside a roughly ninefold rise in German and US shipments into the country over the same period.
- Netherlands A major European trading and logistics hub whose port and trading companies appear in enforcement records the way any high-volume gateway does, from a criminal prosecution to an investigation still at the arrest stage.
- Panama One of the largest ship registries in the world, which places it in maritime analysis by volume rather than by any distinguishing feature of its rules.
- Singapore A major trade financing, commodity trading and shipping centre whose intermediaries appear in enforcement records for the same volume reasons as other large hubs.
- Switzerland A major private banking and securities custody centre whose institutions appear in enforcement records for the same reason as other large financial hubs: they sit between clients and the US financial system.
- Thailand A large regional petrochemical and trading economy that appears in two OFAC records about Iranian polyethylene sold to Asian buyers, with payments made in US dollars through Thai bank accounts.
- Türkiye A large manufacturing and transit economy whose trade with several restricted destinations has grown substantially, making it central to third-country routing analysis.
- United Arab Emirates A major re-export hub and financial centre that appears in enforcement records across almost every technique on this site, principally because of the volume of trade that passes through it.
- United Kingdom A global financial and professional-services centre whose banks, law firms and payment firms appear in enforcement records because they sit on the routes sanctioned money would have to use, and because the UK's own penalty regime is strict.