Jurisdiction profiles
Why particular countries recur in sanctions enforcement records and typology reports, and what the published analysis of each does and does not establish.
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These pages describe why a jurisdiction appears in published records. They are not assessments of countries, governments or businesses. Every jurisdiction here is a substantial legitimate economy, and appearing in this reference is usually a consequence of trade volume and connectivity rather than of weak rules.
- Armenia A small economy in the Eurasian Economic Union whose reported machinery exports to Russia rose roughly twenty-three-fold in the year direct routes closed, the largest single change this site's mirror-statistics analysis has found.
- Cyprus An EU member state with a substantial corporate services and holding-company sector that appears in a large share of published beneficial ownership concealment material.
- Georgia A transit economy on the Black Sea whose trade and re-export figures feature in the same commodity-code analysis applied to other neighbouring states.
- Hong Kong A major financial and trading centre whose company formation regime, banking sector and re-export role place it in a large share of published corporate concealment cases.
- Kazakhstan A customs union member with extensive land connections to Russia and China, prominent in trade-statistics analysis of re-routed goods since 2022.
- Kyrgyzstan A Eurasian Economic Union member whose onward machinery exports to Russia rose roughly thirtyfold between 2021 and 2023, alongside a more-than-tenfold rise in German and US shipments into the country over the same period.
- Panama One of the largest ship registries in the world, which places it in maritime analysis by volume rather than by any distinguishing feature of its rules.
- Singapore A major trade financing, commodity trading and shipping centre whose intermediaries appear in enforcement records for the same volume reasons as other large hubs.
- Türkiye A large manufacturing and transit economy whose trade with several restricted destinations has grown substantially, making it central to third-country routing analysis.
- United Arab Emirates A major re-export hub and financial centre that appears in enforcement records across almost every technique on this site, principally because of the volume of trade that passes through it.