{ "meta": { "name": "Sanctions Evasion Reference glossary", "canonical": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/", "count": 79, "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "generated": "2026-09-15T05:48:19.557Z", "note": "Canonical source of truth for the shared glossary across the four-site set." }, "terms": [ { "slug": "asset-freeze", "term": "Asset freeze", "shortDefinition": "The prohibition on dealing with funds or economic resources owned, held or controlled by a designated person, and on making funds available to them.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "blocking", "fifty-percent-rule", "beneficial-owner" ], "usedIn": [ "ownership-threshold-structuring", "nominee-directors", "third-country-bank-accounts" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/asset-freeze/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Financial sanctions: consolidated list of targets", "publisher": "HM Treasury, Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/financial-sanctions-consolidated-list-of-targets", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Sanctions (restrictive measures)", "publisher": "European Commission, Directorate-General for Financial Stability", "url": "https://finance.ec.europa.eu/eu-and-world/sanctions-restrictive-measures_en", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "attestation", "term": "Attestation", "shortDefinition": "A signed statement by a party in a transaction confirming a fact that the recipient cannot itself observe, relied on as the basis for providing a service.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "price-cap", "end-user-certificate", "certificate-of-origin" ], "usedIn": [ "price-cap-attestation-fraud", "end-user-certificate-fraud", "opaque-marine-insurance" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/attestation/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Sanctions Advisory for the Maritime Oil Industry and Related Sectors", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20231012", "year": 2023 } ] }, { "slug": "ais", "term": "Automatic Identification System", "shortDefinition": "A mandatory maritime transponder system that broadcasts a vessel's identity, position, course and speed to nearby vessels and shore stations.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "AIS" ], "seeAlso": [ "imo-number", "ship-to-ship-transfer", "shadow-fleet" ], "usedIn": [ "ais-manipulation", "ship-to-ship-transfers", "flag-hopping" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/ais/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Guidance to Address Illicit Shipping and Sanctions Evasion Practices", "publisher": "U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of the Treasury and U.S. Coast Guard", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20200514", "year": 2020 }, { "title": "North Korea Vessel Advisory: Sanctions Risks Related to Shipping with North Korea", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20180223", "year": 2018 } ] }, { "slug": "beneficial-owner", "term": "Beneficial owner", "shortDefinition": "The natural person who ultimately owns or controls an entity, or on whose behalf a transaction is conducted, regardless of whose name appears on the register.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "ultimate beneficial owner", "UBO" ], "seeAlso": [ "nominee-director", "shell-company", "layering", "corporate-services-provider" ], "usedIn": [ "front-companies", "nominee-directors", "shell-company-layering", "ownership-threshold-structuring" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/beneficial-owner/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Concealment of Beneficial Ownership", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Concealment-beneficial-ownership.html", "year": 2018 }, { "title": "Open Ownership", "publisher": "Open Ownership", "url": "https://www.openownership.org/", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "bill-of-lading", "term": "Bill of lading", "shortDefinition": "A document issued by a carrier acknowledging receipt of cargo, stating its terms of carriage, and in negotiable form serving as a document of title to the goods.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "B/L" ], "seeAlso": [ "letter-of-credit", "phantom-shipment", "freight-forwarder", "certificate-of-origin" ], "usedIn": [ "phantom-shipments", "trade-misinvoicing", "ship-to-ship-transfers" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/bill-of-lading/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Trends and Developments", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-trends-and-developments.html", "year": 2020 }, { "title": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html", "year": 2021 } ] }, { "slug": "blockchain-analytics", "term": "Blockchain analytics", "shortDefinition": "The practice of clustering addresses and attributing them to real-world services or actors, using on-chain patterns and off-chain information.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "mixer", "chain-hopping", "virtual-asset-service-provider", "screening" ], "usedIn": [ "crypto-rails", "mixers-and-chain-hopping", "stablecoin-settlement" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/blockchain-analytics/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Crypto Crime Report", "publisher": "Chainalysis", "url": "https://www.chainalysis.com/blog/2024-crypto-crime-report-introduction/", "year": 2024 }, { "title": "Sanctions Compliance Guidance for the Virtual Currency Industry", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20211015", "year": 2021 } ] }, { "slug": "blocked-property", "term": "Blocked property", "shortDefinition": "Property in which a designated person has an interest, which has come within the jurisdiction and must be frozen, reported and held in a blocked account.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "blocking", "asset-freeze", "general-licence" ], "usedIn": [ "correspondent-banking-abuse", "third-country-bank-accounts", "ownership-threshold-structuring" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/blocked-property/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Frequently Asked Questions", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/faqs", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "blocking", "term": "Blocking", "shortDefinition": "Freezing property and interests in property of a designated person that come within a jurisdiction, so it cannot be transferred, paid, withdrawn or otherwise dealt in.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "freezing" ], "seeAlso": [ "asset-freeze", "blocked-property", "correspondent-banking", "general-licence" ], "usedIn": [ "correspondent-banking-abuse", "third-country-bank-accounts", "crypto-rails" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/blocking/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Frequently Asked Questions", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/faqs", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "certificate-of-origin", "term": "Certificate of origin", "shortDefinition": "A document certifying the country in which goods were produced, used to determine tariff treatment and whether origin-based restrictions apply.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "free-trade-zone", "transshipment", "cargo-origin-blending", "hs-code" ], "usedIn": [ "cargo-origin-blending", "third-country-transshipment", "trade-misinvoicing" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/certificate-of-origin/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html", "year": 2021 } ] }, { "slug": "chain-hopping", "term": "Chain hopping", "shortDefinition": "Moving value rapidly between different blockchains, usually through bridges or swap services, to interrupt tracing that works within a single chain.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "cross-chain hopping", "bridging" ], "seeAlso": [ "mixer", "blockchain-analytics", "stablecoin" ], "usedIn": [ "mixers-and-chain-hopping", "crypto-rails", "stablecoin-settlement" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/chain-hopping/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Updated Guidance for a Risk-Based Approach to Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfrecommendations/Guidance-rba-virtual-assets-2021.html", "year": 2021 }, { "title": "Crypto Crime Report", "publisher": "Chainalysis", "url": "https://www.chainalysis.com/blog/2024-crypto-crime-report-introduction/", "year": 2024 } ] }, { "slug": "common-high-priority-list", "term": "Common High Priority List", "shortDefinition": "A list of Harmonised System codes covering items assessed as most critical to a restricted military programme, published jointly by export control authorities.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "CHPL", "common high priority items list" ], "seeAlso": [ "hs-code", "dual-use-goods", "mirror-statistics" ], "usedIn": [ "dual-use-re-export", "third-country-transshipment", "hs-code-misclassification" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/common-high-priority-list/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Entity List, Supplement No. 4 to Part 744 of the Export Administration Regulations", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security", "url": "https://www.bis.gov/entity-list", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "UN Comtrade Database", "publisher": "United Nations Statistics Division", "url": "https://comtradeplus.un.org/", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "corporate-services-provider", "term": "Corporate services provider", "shortDefinition": "A firm that incorporates and administers companies for clients, supplying registered offices, directors, shareholders and company secretarial services.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "TCSP", "trust and company service provider" ], "seeAlso": [ "professional-enabler", "nominee-director", "shell-company" ], "usedIn": [ "professional-enablers", "nominee-directors", "shell-company-layering" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/corporate-services-provider/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Professional Money Laundering", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Professional-money-laundering.html", "year": 2018 }, { "title": "Concealment of Beneficial Ownership", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Concealment-beneficial-ownership.html", "year": 2018 } ] }, { "slug": "correspondent-banking", "term": "Correspondent banking", "shortDefinition": "An arrangement in which one bank holds an account for another and provides payment and other services on its behalf, usually to give it access to a foreign currency.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "correspondent account", "nostro/vostro" ], "seeAlso": [ "respondent-bank", "nested-account", "wire-stripping", "swift" ], "usedIn": [ "correspondent-banking-abuse", "third-country-bank-accounts", "trade-misinvoicing" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/correspondent-banking/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Correspondent banking principles and guidance", "publisher": "The Wolfsberg Group", "url": "https://www.wolfsberg-principles.com/", "year": 2022 } ] }, { "slug": "customer-due-diligence", "term": "Customer due diligence", "shortDefinition": "The ongoing process of understanding a customer's identity, ownership, expected activity and risk, and checking that actual activity remains consistent with it.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "CDD" ], "seeAlso": [ "know-your-customer", "enhanced-due-diligence", "red-flag-indicator" ], "usedIn": [ "front-companies", "correspondent-banking-abuse", "third-country-bank-accounts" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/customer-due-diligence/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "The FATF Recommendations", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfrecommendations/Fatf-recommendations.html", "year": 2025 }, { "title": "Correspondent banking principles and guidance", "publisher": "The Wolfsberg Group", "url": "https://www.wolfsberg-principles.com/", "year": 2022 } ] }, { "slug": "de-minimis-rule", "term": "De minimis rule", "shortDefinition": "The principle that a foreign-made item becomes subject to US export controls when more than a threshold percentage of its value is US-origin controlled content.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "re-export", "foreign-direct-product-rule", "export-control" ], "usedIn": [ "dual-use-re-export", "third-country-transshipment" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/de-minimis-rule/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Entity List, Supplement No. 4 to Part 744 of the Export Administration Regulations", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security", "url": "https://www.bis.gov/entity-list", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "deemed-export", "term": "Deemed export", "shortDefinition": "The release of controlled technology or source code to a foreign national inside the exporting country, treated in law as an export to that person's home country.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "export-control", "dual-use-goods" ], "usedIn": [ "dual-use-re-export", "professional-enablers", "aviation-parts-procurement" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/deemed-export/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Entity List, Supplement No. 4 to Part 744 of the Export Administration Regulations", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security", "url": "https://www.bis.gov/entity-list", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "designation", "term": "Designation", "shortDefinition": "The formal act of adding a person, entity, vessel or aircraft to a sanctions list, which triggers the restrictions attached to that programme.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "listing" ], "seeAlso": [ "sdn-list", "blocking", "screening", "designations-feed" ], "usedIn": [ "front-companies", "ownership-threshold-structuring", "crypto-rails" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/designation/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Recent Actions", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List (SDN.XML)", "publisher": "OFAC Sanctions List Service", "url": "https://sanctionslistservice.ofac.treas.gov/api/PublicationPreview/exports/SDN.XML", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "designations-feed", "term": "Designations feed", "shortDefinition": "A rolling, machine-readable record of additions to and removals from sanctions lists, published by the issuing authority and republished by aggregators.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "designation", "sdn-list", "screening" ], "usedIn": [ "front-companies", "crypto-rails", "correspondent-banking-abuse" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/designations-feed/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Recent Actions", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Consolidated Screening List", "publisher": "U.S. International Trade Administration", "url": "https://www.trade.gov/consolidated-screening-list", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Consolidated list of persons, groups and entities subject to EU financial sanctions", "publisher": "European Commission", "url": "https://data.europa.eu/data/datasets/consolidated-list-of-persons-groups-and-entities-subject-to-eu-financial-sanctions", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "dual-use-goods", "term": "Dual-use goods", "shortDefinition": "Items with legitimate civil applications that can also contribute to military or weapons programmes, and which are therefore export-controlled.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "dual-use items" ], "seeAlso": [ "export-control", "entity-list", "deemed-export", "common-high-priority-list" ], "usedIn": [ "dual-use-re-export", "aviation-parts-procurement", "third-country-transshipment" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/dual-use-goods/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Entity List, Supplement No. 4 to Part 744 of the Export Administration Regulations", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security", "url": "https://www.bis.gov/entity-list", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Conflict Armament Research field investigations", "publisher": "Conflict Armament Research", "url": "https://www.conflictarm.com/", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "end-user-certificate", "term": "End-user certificate", "shortDefinition": "A document in which the stated recipient of a controlled item certifies who will use it, where, and for what purpose, relied on by exporters and licensing authorities.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "EUC", "end-use statement" ], "seeAlso": [ "export-control", "dual-use-goods", "re-export" ], "usedIn": [ "end-user-certificate-fraud", "dual-use-re-export", "aviation-parts-procurement" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/end-user-certificate/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Don't Let This Happen to You: Actual Investigations of Export Control and Antiboycott Violations", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security, Office of Export Enforcement", "url": "https://www.bis.gov/media/documents/dont-let-happen-you", "year": 2024 }, { "title": "Guidance on Proliferation Financing Risk Assessment and Mitigation", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Financingofproliferation/Proliferation-financing-risk-assessment-mitigation.html", "year": 2021 } ] }, { "slug": "enhanced-due-diligence", "term": "Enhanced due diligence", "shortDefinition": "Additional scrutiny applied where risk is assessed as higher, including deeper enquiry into source of funds, ownership and the purpose of specific transactions.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "EDD" ], "seeAlso": [ "customer-due-diligence", "red-flag-indicator", "screening" ], "usedIn": [ "correspondent-banking-abuse", "dual-use-re-export", "professional-enablers" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/enhanced-due-diligence/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "The FATF Recommendations", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfrecommendations/Fatf-recommendations.html", "year": 2025 }, { "title": "Correspondent banking principles and guidance", "publisher": "The Wolfsberg Group", "url": "https://www.wolfsberg-principles.com/", "year": 2022 } ] }, { "slug": "entity-list", "term": "Entity List", "shortDefinition": "A US Bureau of Industry and Security list of parties subject to specific export licence requirements because of activity contrary to national security or foreign policy interests.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "export-control", "sdn-list", "screening", "dual-use-goods" ], "usedIn": [ "dual-use-re-export", "third-country-transshipment", "aviation-parts-procurement" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/entity-list/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Entity List, Supplement No. 4 to Part 744 of the Export Administration Regulations", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security", "url": "https://www.bis.gov/entity-list", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Consolidated Screening List", "publisher": "U.S. International Trade Administration", "url": "https://www.trade.gov/consolidated-screening-list", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "export-control", "term": "Export control", "shortDefinition": "A licensing regime that restricts the export, re-export or transfer of specified goods, software and technology by reference to the item, the destination and the end use.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "dual-use-goods", "entity-list", "end-user-certificate", "re-export" ], "usedIn": [ "dual-use-re-export", "end-user-certificate-fraud", "aviation-parts-procurement" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/export-control/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Entity List, Supplement No. 4 to Part 744 of the Export Administration Regulations", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security", "url": "https://www.bis.gov/entity-list", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Don't Let This Happen to You: Actual Investigations of Export Control and Antiboycott Violations", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security, Office of Export Enforcement", "url": "https://www.bis.gov/media/documents/dont-let-happen-you", "year": 2024 } ] }, { "slug": "facilitation", "term": "Facilitation", "shortDefinition": "Approving, financing, guaranteeing, brokering or otherwise assisting a transaction by a foreign person that the assisting party could not lawfully perform itself.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "sanctions", "professional-enabler", "wilful-blindness" ], "usedIn": [ "professional-enablers", "correspondent-banking-abuse", "dual-use-re-export" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/facilitation/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Frequently Asked Questions", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/faqs", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Civil Penalties and Enforcement Information", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/civil-penalties-and-enforcement-information", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "financial-intelligence-unit", "term": "Financial intelligence unit", "shortDefinition": "The national agency that receives suspicious activity reports, analyses them, and disseminates intelligence to law enforcement and to counterpart units abroad.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "FIU" ], "seeAlso": [ "suspicious-activity-report", "typology" ], "usedIn": [ "correspondent-banking-abuse", "shell-company-layering", "hawala-and-informal-value-transfer" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/financial-intelligence-unit/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units", "publisher": "Egmont Group", "url": "https://egmontgroup.org/", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "The FATF Recommendations", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfrecommendations/Fatf-recommendations.html", "year": 2025 } ] }, { "slug": "flag-of-convenience", "term": "Flag of convenience", "shortDefinition": "Registration of a ship in a state with which its owners have no genuine connection, chosen for cost, tax or regulatory reasons.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "FOC" ], "seeAlso": [ "flag-state", "open-registry", "zombie-registry" ], "usedIn": [ "flag-hopping", "opaque-marine-insurance", "ship-to-ship-transfers" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/flag-of-convenience/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Guidance to Address Illicit Shipping and Sanctions Evasion Practices", "publisher": "U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of the Treasury and U.S. Coast Guard", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20200514", "year": 2020 } ] }, { "slug": "flag-state", "term": "Flag state", "shortDefinition": "The country in which a ship is registered, whose law governs the vessel and which is responsible for inspecting and certifying it.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "flag-of-convenience", "open-registry", "zombie-registry", "imo-number" ], "usedIn": [ "flag-hopping", "opaque-marine-insurance", "ship-to-ship-transfers" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/flag-state/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Guidance to Address Illicit Shipping and Sanctions Evasion Practices", "publisher": "U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of the Treasury and U.S. Coast Guard", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20200514", "year": 2020 } ] }, { "slug": "foreign-direct-product-rule", "term": "Foreign direct product rule", "shortDefinition": "A rule making a foreign-made item subject to US export controls because it is the direct product of US-origin technology, software or production equipment.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "FDPR" ], "seeAlso": [ "de-minimis-rule", "re-export", "export-control", "entity-list" ], "usedIn": [ "dual-use-re-export", "third-country-transshipment", "aviation-parts-procurement" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/foreign-direct-product-rule/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Entity List, Supplement No. 4 to Part 744 of the Export Administration Regulations", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security", "url": "https://www.bis.gov/entity-list", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "free-trade-zone", "term": "Free trade zone", "shortDefinition": "A designated area where goods may be landed, stored, handled and re-exported without the customs formalities that would apply in the domestic territory.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "FTZ", "free zone", "bonded warehouse" ], "seeAlso": [ "transshipment", "certificate-of-origin", "cargo-origin-blending" ], "usedIn": [ "third-country-transshipment", "cargo-origin-blending", "dual-use-re-export" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/free-trade-zone/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Trends and Developments", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-trends-and-developments.html", "year": 2020 } ] }, { "slug": "freight-forwarder", "term": "Freight forwarder", "shortDefinition": "An intermediary that arranges carriage on behalf of shippers, books space, prepares documentation and may consolidate cargo from several customers.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "bill-of-lading", "incoterms", "professional-enabler", "end-user-certificate" ], "usedIn": [ "end-user-certificate-fraud", "professional-enablers", "third-country-transshipment" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/freight-forwarder/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Don't Let This Happen to You: Actual Investigations of Export Control and Antiboycott Violations", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security, Office of Export Enforcement", "url": "https://www.bis.gov/media/documents/dont-let-happen-you", "year": 2024 }, { "title": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html", "year": 2021 } ] }, { "slug": "front-company", "term": "Front company", "shortDefinition": "A company that carries on some real business but exists substantially to conceal the involvement of another party in its transactions.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "shell-company", "beneficial-owner", "nominee-director" ], "usedIn": [ "front-companies", "shell-company-layering", "third-country-transshipment" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/front-company/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Concealment of Beneficial Ownership", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Concealment-beneficial-ownership.html", "year": 2018 }, { "title": "Don't Let This Happen to You: Actual Investigations of Export Control and Antiboycott Violations", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security, Office of Export Enforcement", "url": "https://www.bis.gov/media/documents/dont-let-happen-you", "year": 2024 } ] }, { "slug": "fuzzy-matching", "term": "Fuzzy matching", "shortDefinition": "Name-matching that tolerates spelling, transliteration and word-order variation, scoring similarity rather than requiring an exact match.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "screening", "sdn-list", "designation" ], "usedIn": [ "front-companies", "correspondent-banking-abuse", "third-country-bank-accounts" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/fuzzy-matching/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Frequently Asked Questions", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/faqs", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Consolidated Screening List", "publisher": "U.S. International Trade Administration", "url": "https://www.trade.gov/consolidated-screening-list", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "general-licence", "term": "General licence", "shortDefinition": "A published authorisation permitting a defined category of otherwise prohibited transactions, available to anyone who meets its terms without applying.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "GL" ], "seeAlso": [ "specific-licence", "blocking", "sanctions" ], "usedIn": [ "correspondent-banking-abuse", "third-country-transshipment", "professional-enablers" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/general-licence/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Frequently Asked Questions", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/faqs", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Sanctions Programs and Country Information", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/sanctions-programs-and-country-information", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "hawala", "term": "Hawala", "shortDefinition": "A value transfer arrangement in which brokers in different countries pay out to each other's customers and settle the resulting obligations between themselves later.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "hundi", "informal value transfer" ], "seeAlso": [ "informal-value-transfer-system", "trade-based-money-laundering", "gold-and-commodity-barter" ], "usedIn": [ "hawala-and-informal-value-transfer", "gold-and-commodity-barter", "trade-misinvoicing" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/hawala/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "The Role of Hawala and Other Similar Service Providers in Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Role-hawalas-in-ml-tf.html", "year": 2013 } ] }, { "slug": "hs-code", "term": "HS code", "shortDefinition": "A six-digit commodity code from the World Customs Organization Harmonised System, extended nationally, that determines the tariff and the controls applied to goods.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "Harmonised System code", "tariff code", "commodity code" ], "seeAlso": [ "mirror-statistics", "trade-misinvoicing", "common-high-priority-list" ], "usedIn": [ "hs-code-misclassification", "trade-misinvoicing", "dual-use-re-export" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/hs-code/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "UN Comtrade Database", "publisher": "United Nations Statistics Division", "url": "https://comtradeplus.un.org/", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html", "year": 2021 } ] }, { "slug": "imo-number", "term": "IMO number", "shortDefinition": "A seven-digit identifier assigned to a ship's hull for life by the International Maritime Organization, which does not change with name, owner or flag.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "ais", "flag-state", "flag-of-convenience" ], "usedIn": [ "ais-manipulation", "flag-hopping", "ship-to-ship-transfers" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/imo-number/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Guidance to Address Illicit Shipping and Sanctions Evasion Practices", "publisher": "U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of the Treasury and U.S. Coast Guard", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20200514", "year": 2020 }, { "title": "Reports of the Panel of Experts, 1718 Committee (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)", "publisher": "United Nations Security Council", "url": "https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/1718/panel_experts/reports", "year": 2024 } ] }, { "slug": "incoterms", "term": "Incoterms", "shortDefinition": "Standard trade terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce that allocate cost, risk and responsibility for delivery between buyer and seller.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "bill-of-lading", "freight-forwarder" ], "usedIn": [ "trade-misinvoicing", "third-country-transshipment", "phantom-shipments" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/incoterms/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html", "year": 2021 } ] }, { "slug": "informal-value-transfer-system", "term": "Informal value transfer system", "shortDefinition": "Any arrangement that transfers value between parties without moving funds through the regulated banking system, settling obligations by netting or in kind.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "IVTS" ], "seeAlso": [ "hawala", "trade-based-money-laundering", "gold-and-commodity-barter" ], "usedIn": [ "hawala-and-informal-value-transfer", "gold-and-commodity-barter", "trade-misinvoicing" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/informal-value-transfer-system/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "The Role of Hawala and Other Similar Service Providers in Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Role-hawalas-in-ml-tf.html", "year": 2013 }, { "title": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Trends and Developments", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-trends-and-developments.html", "year": 2020 } ] }, { "slug": "know-your-customer", "term": "Know your customer", "shortDefinition": "The obligation on a regulated firm to identify its customer, verify that identity, and understand the purpose of the relationship before providing services.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "KYC" ], "seeAlso": [ "customer-due-diligence", "beneficial-owner", "screening" ], "usedIn": [ "front-companies", "nominee-directors", "third-country-bank-accounts" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/know-your-customer/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "The FATF Recommendations", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfrecommendations/Fatf-recommendations.html", "year": 2025 }, { "title": "Correspondent banking principles and guidance", "publisher": "The Wolfsberg Group", "url": "https://www.wolfsberg-principles.com/", "year": 2022 } ] }, { "slug": "layering", "term": "Layering", "shortDefinition": "Inserting successive intermediate parties, transactions or jurisdictions between an asset and its owner so that the connection cannot be established from any single record.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "shell-company", "secrecy-jurisdiction", "beneficial-owner" ], "usedIn": [ "shell-company-layering", "third-country-bank-accounts", "mixers-and-chain-hopping" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/layering/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Concealment of Beneficial Ownership", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Concealment-beneficial-ownership.html", "year": 2018 }, { "title": "Professional Money Laundering", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Professional-money-laundering.html", "year": 2018 } ] }, { "slug": "letter-of-credit", "term": "Letter of credit", "shortDefinition": "A bank undertaking to pay a seller against presentation of specified documents, substituting the bank's credit for the buyer's.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "documentary credit", "LC" ], "seeAlso": [ "bill-of-lading", "phantom-shipment", "trade-based-money-laundering" ], "usedIn": [ "phantom-shipments", "trade-misinvoicing", "correspondent-banking-abuse" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/letter-of-credit/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html", "year": 2021 }, { "title": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Trends and Developments", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-trends-and-developments.html", "year": 2020 } ] }, { "slug": "mirror-statistics", "term": "Mirror statistics", "shortDefinition": "Comparing what one country reports exporting to a partner with what the partner reports importing from it, treating persistent gaps as evidence of misreporting.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "mirror trade analysis", "partner-country data comparison" ], "seeAlso": [ "trade-misinvoicing", "hs-code", "common-high-priority-list" ], "usedIn": [ "trade-misinvoicing", "hs-code-misclassification", "third-country-transshipment" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/mirror-statistics/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Trade Misinvoicing", "publisher": "Global Financial Integrity", "url": "https://gfintegrity.org/issue/trade-misinvoicing/", "year": 2024 }, { "title": "UN Comtrade Database", "publisher": "United Nations Statistics Division", "url": "https://comtradeplus.un.org/", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "mixer", "term": "Mixer", "shortDefinition": "A service that pools virtual currency from many users and redistributes it, so that outputs cannot be readily linked to the inputs that funded them.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "tumbler", "mixing service" ], "seeAlso": [ "chain-hopping", "blockchain-analytics", "virtual-asset-service-provider" ], "usedIn": [ "mixers-and-chain-hopping", "crypto-rails", "stablecoin-settlement" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/mixer/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Sanctions Compliance Guidance for the Virtual Currency Industry", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20211015", "year": 2021 }, { "title": "Updated Guidance for a Risk-Based Approach to Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfrecommendations/Guidance-rba-virtual-assets-2021.html", "year": 2021 } ] }, { "slug": "nested-account", "term": "Nested account", "shortDefinition": "The use of a bank's correspondent account by that bank's own respondent institutions, giving unnamed third banks indirect access to the correspondent.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "downstream correspondent clearing" ], "seeAlso": [ "correspondent-banking", "respondent-bank", "wire-stripping" ], "usedIn": [ "correspondent-banking-abuse", "third-country-bank-accounts" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/nested-account/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Correspondent banking principles and guidance", "publisher": "The Wolfsberg Group", "url": "https://www.wolfsberg-principles.com/", "year": 2022 } ] }, { "slug": "nominee-director", "term": "Nominee director", "shortDefinition": "A person who is formally appointed to a company board but who acts on the instructions of an undisclosed party rather than exercising independent judgement.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "nominee shareholder", "straw director" ], "seeAlso": [ "beneficial-owner", "corporate-services-provider", "shell-company" ], "usedIn": [ "nominee-directors", "front-companies", "professional-enablers" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/nominee-director/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Concealment of Beneficial Ownership", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Concealment-beneficial-ownership.html", "year": 2018 }, { "title": "Offshore Leaks Database", "publisher": "International Consortium of Investigative Journalists", "url": "https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "open-registry", "term": "Open registry", "shortDefinition": "A ship registry that accepts vessels owned by foreign nationals without requiring a national ownership or crewing link.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "flag-state", "flag-of-convenience", "zombie-registry" ], "usedIn": [ "flag-hopping", "opaque-marine-insurance", "ship-to-ship-transfers" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/open-registry/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Guidance to Address Illicit Shipping and Sanctions Evasion Practices", "publisher": "U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of the Treasury and U.S. Coast Guard", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20200514", "year": 2020 }, { "title": "Reports of the Panel of Experts, 1718 Committee (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)", "publisher": "United Nations Security Council", "url": "https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/1718/panel_experts/reports", "year": 2024 } ] }, { "slug": "over-invoicing", "term": "Over-invoicing", "shortDefinition": "Stating a price above the true value of goods on an invoice, so that the importer transfers more value to the exporter than the trade justifies.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "under-invoicing", "trade-misinvoicing", "mirror-statistics" ], "usedIn": [ "trade-misinvoicing", "phantom-shipments", "hawala-and-informal-value-transfer" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/over-invoicing/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html", "year": 2021 }, { "title": "Trade Misinvoicing", "publisher": "Global Financial Integrity", "url": "https://gfintegrity.org/issue/trade-misinvoicing/", "year": 2024 } ] }, { "slug": "panel-of-experts", "term": "Panel of Experts", "shortDefinition": "A group of specialists appointed by the UN Security Council to monitor a sanctions regime and report publicly on violations and evasion methods.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "UN Panel of Experts", "PoE" ], "seeAlso": [ "typology", "proliferation-financing", "zombie-registry", "designations-feed" ], "usedIn": [ "ship-to-ship-transfers", "flag-hopping", "crypto-rails", "aviation-parts-procurement" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/panel-of-experts/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Reports of the Panel of Experts, 1718 Committee (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)", "publisher": "United Nations Security Council", "url": "https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/1718/panel_experts/reports", "year": 2024 }, { "title": "Report of the Panel of Experts established pursuant to resolution 1874 (2009)", "publisher": "United Nations Security Council", "url": "https://undocs.org/en/S/2024/215", "year": 2024 }, { "title": "Unlawful Military Cooperation including Arms Transfers between North Korea and Russia (MSMT/2025/1)", "publisher": "Multilateral Sanctions Monitoring Team", "url": "https://undocs.org/en/S/2025/340", "year": 2025 }, { "title": "The DPRK's Violation and Evasion of UN Sanctions through Cyber and Information Technology Worker Activities (MSMT/2025/2)", "publisher": "Multilateral Sanctions Monitoring Team", "url": "https://msmt.info/Publications/detail/MSMT%20Report/4221", "year": 2025 } ] }, { "slug": "phantom-shipment", "term": "Phantom shipment", "shortDefinition": "A trade transaction documented and paid for in full where no goods, or substantially fewer goods, were ever shipped.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "fictitious trade", "ghost shipment" ], "seeAlso": [ "bill-of-lading", "trade-misinvoicing", "letter-of-credit" ], "usedIn": [ "phantom-shipments", "trade-misinvoicing", "correspondent-banking-abuse" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/phantom-shipment/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Trends and Developments", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-trends-and-developments.html", "year": 2020 }, { "title": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html", "year": 2021 } ] }, { "slug": "price-cap", "term": "Price cap", "shortDefinition": "A measure permitting specified services for seaborne oil only where the cargo was bought at or below a stated price, enforced through the service providers rather than at the border.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "attestation", "protection-and-indemnity-club", "shadow-fleet" ], "usedIn": [ "price-cap-attestation-fraud", "opaque-marine-insurance", "trade-misinvoicing" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/price-cap/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Sanctions Advisory for the Maritime Oil Industry and Related Sectors", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20231012", "year": 2023 } ] }, { "slug": "professional-enabler", "term": "Professional enabler", "shortDefinition": "A lawyer, accountant, formation agent, broker or similar professional whose services are essential to concealing ownership or moving restricted value.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "corporate-services-provider", "nominee-director", "facilitation", "wilful-blindness" ], "usedIn": [ "professional-enablers", "nominee-directors", "shell-company-layering" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/professional-enabler/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Professional Money Laundering", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Professional-money-laundering.html", "year": 2018 }, { "title": "Concealment of Beneficial Ownership", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Concealment-beneficial-ownership.html", "year": 2018 } ] }, { "slug": "proliferation-financing", "term": "Proliferation financing", "shortDefinition": "The provision of funds or financial services used for the manufacture, acquisition or transfer of weapons of mass destruction or their delivery systems, contrary to international obligations.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "PF" ], "seeAlso": [ "dual-use-goods", "end-user-certificate", "export-control", "panel-of-experts" ], "usedIn": [ "dual-use-re-export", "end-user-certificate-fraud", "aviation-parts-procurement" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/proliferation-financing/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Guidance on Proliferation Financing Risk Assessment and Mitigation", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Financingofproliferation/Proliferation-financing-risk-assessment-mitigation.html", "year": 2021 }, { "title": "Reports of the Panel of Experts, 1718 Committee (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)", "publisher": "United Nations Security Council", "url": "https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/1718/panel_experts/reports", "year": 2024 } ] }, { "slug": "protection-and-indemnity-club", "term": "Protection and indemnity club", "shortDefinition": "A mutual association of shipowners that provides third-party liability cover, including for pollution, which ports and states generally require before a vessel may trade.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "P&I club", "P and I" ], "seeAlso": [ "flag-state", "price-cap", "attestation" ], "usedIn": [ "opaque-marine-insurance", "flag-hopping", "price-cap-attestation-fraud" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/protection-and-indemnity-club/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Guidance to Address Illicit Shipping and Sanctions Evasion Practices", "publisher": "U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of the Treasury and U.S. Coast Guard", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20200514", "year": 2020 }, { "title": "Sanctions Advisory for the Maritime Oil Industry and Related Sectors", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20231012", "year": 2023 } ] }, { "slug": "re-export", "term": "Re-export", "shortDefinition": "The onward shipment of a controlled item from the country that first received it to a third country, which may itself require a licence from the original exporting state.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "export-control", "transshipment", "de-minimis-rule", "foreign-direct-product-rule" ], "usedIn": [ "dual-use-re-export", "third-country-transshipment", "aviation-parts-procurement" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/re-export/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Entity List, Supplement No. 4 to Part 744 of the Export Administration Regulations", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security", "url": "https://www.bis.gov/entity-list", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Don't Let This Happen to You: Actual Investigations of Export Control and Antiboycott Violations", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security, Office of Export Enforcement", "url": "https://www.bis.gov/media/documents/dont-let-happen-you", "year": 2024 } ] }, { "slug": "red-flag-indicator", "term": "Red-flag indicator", "shortDefinition": "A published, attributable observation that a transaction or relationship warrants further enquiry, drawn from patterns seen in past cases.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "red flag", "risk indicator" ], "seeAlso": [ "typology", "customer-due-diligence", "enhanced-due-diligence" ], "usedIn": [ "trade-misinvoicing", "ship-to-ship-transfers", "correspondent-banking-abuse" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/red-flag-indicator/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html", "year": 2021 }, { "title": "Guidance to Address Illicit Shipping and Sanctions Evasion Practices", "publisher": "U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of the Treasury and U.S. Coast Guard", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20200514", "year": 2020 } ] }, { "slug": "respondent-bank", "term": "Respondent bank", "shortDefinition": "The bank that holds an account with a correspondent and relies on it to make payments or provide services in a currency or market it cannot reach directly.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "correspondent-banking", "nested-account", "customer-due-diligence" ], "usedIn": [ "correspondent-banking-abuse", "third-country-bank-accounts" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/respondent-bank/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Correspondent banking principles and guidance", "publisher": "The Wolfsberg Group", "url": "https://www.wolfsberg-principles.com/", "year": 2022 } ] }, { "slug": "sanctions", "term": "Sanctions", "shortDefinition": "Restrictions imposed by a state or international body on dealings with a named person, entity, sector or country, enforced against anyone within that authority's jurisdiction.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "designation", "asset-freeze", "secondary-sanctions", "export-control" ], "usedIn": [ "front-companies", "third-country-transshipment", "correspondent-banking-abuse" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/sanctions/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Sanctions Programs and Country Information", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/sanctions-programs-and-country-information", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Sanctions (restrictive measures)", "publisher": "European Commission, Directorate-General for Financial Stability", "url": "https://finance.ec.europa.eu/eu-and-world/sanctions-restrictive-measures_en", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "screening", "term": "Screening", "shortDefinition": "Automated comparison of names, identifiers and other transaction data against sanctions lists and internal watchlists, at onboarding and on each payment.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "fuzzy-matching", "sdn-list", "designation", "wire-stripping" ], "usedIn": [ "front-companies", "correspondent-banking-abuse", "crypto-rails" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/screening/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Frequently Asked Questions", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/faqs", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Consolidated Screening List", "publisher": "U.S. International Trade Administration", "url": "https://www.trade.gov/consolidated-screening-list", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "secondary-sanctions", "term": "Secondary sanctions", "shortDefinition": "Measures that threaten non-US persons with loss of access to the US market or financial system if they engage in specified dealings with sanctioned parties.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "sanctions", "correspondent-banking", "designation" ], "usedIn": [ "third-country-bank-accounts", "correspondent-banking-abuse", "third-country-transshipment" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/secondary-sanctions/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Frequently Asked Questions", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/faqs", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Sanctions Programs and Country Information", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/sanctions-programs-and-country-information", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "secrecy-jurisdiction", "term": "Secrecy jurisdiction", "shortDefinition": "A jurisdiction whose company, banking or trust law limits the information available about ownership and control to foreign authorities and counterparties.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "offshore financial centre" ], "seeAlso": [ "shell-company", "layering", "beneficial-owner" ], "usedIn": [ "shell-company-layering", "front-companies", "professional-enablers" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/secrecy-jurisdiction/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Concealment of Beneficial Ownership", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Concealment-beneficial-ownership.html", "year": 2018 }, { "title": "Offshore Leaks Database", "publisher": "International Consortium of Investigative Journalists", "url": "https://offshoreleaks.icij.org/", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "sectoral-sanctions", "term": "Sectoral sanctions", "shortDefinition": "Restrictions on particular types of dealing with named entities in a defined economic sector, rather than a full block on all dealings with them.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "sanctions", "designation", "general-licence" ], "usedIn": [ "correspondent-banking-abuse", "third-country-bank-accounts", "professional-enablers" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/sectoral-sanctions/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Sanctions Programs and Country Information", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/sanctions-programs-and-country-information", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "shadow-fleet", "term": "Shadow fleet", "shortDefinition": "A loosely defined group of ageing tankers with opaque ownership and insurance that carry sanctioned or price-capped cargo outside mainstream shipping arrangements.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "dark fleet", "parallel fleet" ], "seeAlso": [ "flag-of-convenience", "ais", "price-cap", "protection-and-indemnity-club" ], "usedIn": [ "flag-hopping", "ais-manipulation", "opaque-marine-insurance", "price-cap-attestation-fraud" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/shadow-fleet/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Sanctions Advisory for the Maritime Oil Industry and Related Sectors", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20231012", "year": 2023 }, { "title": "Guidance to Address Illicit Shipping and Sanctions Evasion Practices", "publisher": "U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of the Treasury and U.S. Coast Guard", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20200514", "year": 2020 } ] }, { "slug": "shell-company", "term": "Shell company", "shortDefinition": "A registered company with no significant operations, assets or employees, used to hold assets or to sit in a chain of ownership.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "front-company", "layering", "secrecy-jurisdiction", "corporate-services-provider" ], "usedIn": [ "shell-company-layering", "front-companies", "professional-enablers" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/shell-company/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Concealment of Beneficial Ownership", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Concealment-beneficial-ownership.html", "year": 2018 }, { "title": "OpenCorporates", "publisher": "OpenCorporates", "url": "https://opencorporates.com/", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "ship-to-ship-transfer", "term": "Ship-to-ship transfer", "shortDefinition": "Transferring cargo directly between two vessels at sea or at anchorage rather than through a port terminal.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "STS transfer", "lightering" ], "seeAlso": [ "ais", "cargo-origin-blending", "shadow-fleet" ], "usedIn": [ "ship-to-ship-transfers", "cargo-origin-blending", "ais-manipulation" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/ship-to-ship-transfer/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Guidance to Address Illicit Shipping and Sanctions Evasion Practices", "publisher": "U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of the Treasury and U.S. Coast Guard", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20200514", "year": 2020 }, { "title": "Syria Shipping Advisory: Sanctions Risks Related to Petroleum Shipments to Syria", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20190325", "year": 2019 } ] }, { "slug": "sdn-list", "term": "Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List", "shortDefinition": "The principal United States sanctions list. Property of anyone on it is blocked and US persons are generally prohibited from dealing with them.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "SDN List", "SDN" ], "seeAlso": [ "designation", "fifty-percent-rule", "blocking", "screening" ], "usedIn": [ "front-companies", "crypto-rails", "correspondent-banking-abuse" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/sdn-list/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List (SDN.XML)", "publisher": "OFAC Sanctions List Service", "url": "https://sanctionslistservice.ofac.treas.gov/api/PublicationPreview/exports/SDN.XML", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Revised Guidance on Entities Owned by Persons Whose Property and Interests in Property Are Blocked", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20140813", "year": 2014 } ] }, { "slug": "specific-licence", "term": "Specific licence", "shortDefinition": "A written authorisation issued to a named applicant permitting a particular transaction that would otherwise be prohibited.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "general-licence", "blocking", "sanctions" ], "usedIn": [ "professional-enablers", "correspondent-banking-abuse", "dual-use-re-export" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/specific-licence/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Frequently Asked Questions", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/faqs", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "stablecoin", "term": "Stablecoin", "shortDefinition": "A virtual asset designed to hold a steady value against a reference such as a national currency, usually by holding reserves or by algorithmic mechanism.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "virtual-asset-service-provider", "chain-hopping", "mixer" ], "usedIn": [ "stablecoin-settlement", "crypto-rails", "mixers-and-chain-hopping" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/stablecoin/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Updated Guidance for a Risk-Based Approach to Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfrecommendations/Guidance-rba-virtual-assets-2021.html", "year": 2021 }, { "title": "Sanctions Compliance Guidance for the Virtual Currency Industry", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20211015", "year": 2021 } ] }, { "slug": "suspicious-activity-report", "term": "Suspicious activity report", "shortDefinition": "A confidential report filed by a regulated firm with its national financial intelligence unit when it knows or suspects that activity may involve criminal proceeds or sanctioned parties.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "SAR", "STR", "suspicious transaction report" ], "seeAlso": [ "financial-intelligence-unit", "customer-due-diligence", "red-flag-indicator" ], "usedIn": [ "correspondent-banking-abuse", "third-country-bank-accounts", "professional-enablers" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/suspicious-activity-report/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "The FATF Recommendations", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfrecommendations/Fatf-recommendations.html", "year": 2025 }, { "title": "Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units", "publisher": "Egmont Group", "url": "https://egmontgroup.org/", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "swift", "term": "SWIFT", "shortDefinition": "A member-owned cooperative operating the messaging network banks use to exchange standardised payment and securities instructions internationally.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "correspondent-banking", "wire-stripping", "screening" ], "usedIn": [ "correspondent-banking-abuse", "third-country-bank-accounts", "crypto-rails" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/swift/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Correspondent banking principles and guidance", "publisher": "The Wolfsberg Group", "url": "https://www.wolfsberg-principles.com/", "year": 2022 } ] }, { "slug": "fifty-percent-rule", "term": "The 50 percent rule", "shortDefinition": "OFAC guidance that any entity owned fifty per cent or more, directly or indirectly, by one or more blocked persons is itself blocked, whether or not it is named.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "50% rule", "the fifty per cent rule" ], "seeAlso": [ "blocking", "beneficial-owner", "asset-freeze" ], "usedIn": [ "ownership-threshold-structuring", "nominee-directors", "shell-company-layering" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/fifty-percent-rule/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Revised Guidance on Entities Owned by Persons Whose Property and Interests in Property Are Blocked", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20140813", "year": 2014 }, { "title": "Frequently Asked Questions", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/faqs", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "trade-misinvoicing", "term": "Trade misinvoicing", "shortDefinition": "Deliberately misstating the price, quantity or description of goods on trade documents so that the value recorded differs from the value actually exchanged.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "misinvoicing" ], "seeAlso": [ "over-invoicing", "under-invoicing", "mirror-statistics", "trade-based-money-laundering" ], "usedIn": [ "trade-misinvoicing", "hs-code-misclassification", "price-cap-attestation-fraud" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/trade-misinvoicing/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Trends and Developments", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-trends-and-developments.html", "year": 2020 }, { "title": "Trade Misinvoicing", "publisher": "Global Financial Integrity", "url": "https://gfintegrity.org/issue/trade-misinvoicing/", "year": 2024 } ] }, { "slug": "trade-based-money-laundering", "term": "Trade-based money laundering", "shortDefinition": "Moving value by misrepresenting the price, quantity or quality of goods in international trade, so that the transfer appears as ordinary commerce.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "TBML" ], "seeAlso": [ "trade-misinvoicing", "over-invoicing", "phantom-shipment", "hawala" ], "usedIn": [ "trade-misinvoicing", "phantom-shipments", "hawala-and-informal-value-transfer" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/trade-based-money-laundering/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Trends and Developments", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-trends-and-developments.html", "year": 2020 }, { "title": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html", "year": 2021 } ] }, { "slug": "transshipment", "term": "Transshipment", "shortDefinition": "Unloading goods from one conveyance and reloading them onto another en route, so that the shipment reaches its destination through an intermediate country.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "free-trade-zone", "re-export", "certificate-of-origin" ], "usedIn": [ "third-country-transshipment", "dual-use-re-export", "cargo-origin-blending" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/transshipment/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Trends and Developments", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-trends-and-developments.html", "year": 2020 }, { "title": "Don't Let This Happen to You: Actual Investigations of Export Control and Antiboycott Violations", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security, Office of Export Enforcement", "url": "https://www.bis.gov/media/documents/dont-let-happen-you", "year": 2024 } ] }, { "slug": "typology", "term": "Typology", "shortDefinition": "A published study describing how a category of illicit activity is actually carried out, built from case material contributed by member jurisdictions.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "red-flag-indicator", "panel-of-experts", "financial-intelligence-unit" ], "usedIn": [ "trade-misinvoicing", "shell-company-layering", "hawala-and-informal-value-transfer" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/typology/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Trends and Developments", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-trends-and-developments.html", "year": 2020 }, { "title": "Concealment of Beneficial Ownership", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Concealment-beneficial-ownership.html", "year": 2018 }, { "title": "Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units", "publisher": "Egmont Group", "url": "https://egmontgroup.org/", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "under-invoicing", "term": "Under-invoicing", "shortDefinition": "Stating a price below the true value of goods, so that value is retained abroad or duty and export restrictions are reduced.", "alsoKnownAs": [], "seeAlso": [ "over-invoicing", "trade-misinvoicing", "mirror-statistics" ], "usedIn": [ "trade-misinvoicing", "hs-code-misclassification", "cargo-origin-blending" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/under-invoicing/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force and Egmont Group", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html", "year": 2021 }, { "title": "Trade Misinvoicing", "publisher": "Global Financial Integrity", "url": "https://gfintegrity.org/issue/trade-misinvoicing/", "year": 2024 } ] }, { "slug": "virtual-asset-service-provider", "term": "Virtual asset service provider", "shortDefinition": "A business that exchanges, transfers, safekeeps or administers virtual assets for others, and which FATF expects to be licensed and supervised like other financial institutions.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "VASP" ], "seeAlso": [ "stablecoin", "mixer", "blockchain-analytics", "know-your-customer" ], "usedIn": [ "crypto-rails", "stablecoin-settlement", "mixers-and-chain-hopping" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/virtual-asset-service-provider/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Updated Guidance for a Risk-Based Approach to Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers", "publisher": "Financial Action Task Force", "url": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfrecommendations/Guidance-rba-virtual-assets-2021.html", "year": 2021 }, { "title": "Sanctions Compliance Guidance for the Virtual Currency Industry", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20211015", "year": 2021 } ] }, { "slug": "wilful-blindness", "term": "Wilful blindness", "shortDefinition": "Deliberately avoiding knowledge of a fact that would create liability, treated in enforcement practice as equivalent to knowing it.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "red flag knowledge", "deliberate ignorance" ], "seeAlso": [ "facilitation", "red-flag-indicator", "enhanced-due-diligence" ], "usedIn": [ "professional-enablers", "end-user-certificate-fraud", "dual-use-re-export" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/wilful-blindness/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Don't Let This Happen to You: Actual Investigations of Export Control and Antiboycott Violations", "publisher": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security, Office of Export Enforcement", "url": "https://www.bis.gov/media/documents/dont-let-happen-you", "year": 2024 }, { "title": "Civil Penalties and Enforcement Information", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/civil-penalties-and-enforcement-information", "year": 2026 } ] }, { "slug": "wire-stripping", "term": "Wire stripping", "shortDefinition": "Removing or altering originator, beneficiary or reference information from a payment message so that screening at an intermediary bank does not identify a restricted party.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "payment stripping", "message stripping" ], "seeAlso": [ "swift", "correspondent-banking", "screening" ], "usedIn": [ "correspondent-banking-abuse", "third-country-bank-accounts" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/wire-stripping/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Civil Penalties and Enforcement Information", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/civil-penalties-and-enforcement-information", "year": 2026 }, { "title": "Correspondent banking principles and guidance", "publisher": "The Wolfsberg Group", "url": "https://www.wolfsberg-principles.com/", "year": 2022 } ] }, { "slug": "zombie-registry", "term": "Zombie registry", "shortDefinition": "A ship registry that continues to issue documentation in a state's name after that state has withdrawn authorisation, or that never had it.", "alsoKnownAs": [ "false flag", "fraudulent registry" ], "seeAlso": [ "flag-state", "open-registry", "flag-of-convenience" ], "usedIn": [ "flag-hopping", "opaque-marine-insurance", "ais-manipulation" ], "url": "https://sanctionsevasion.org/reference/glossary/zombie-registry/", "lastReviewed": "2026-08-20", "sources": [ { "title": "Reports of the Panel of Experts, 1718 Committee (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)", "publisher": "United Nations Security Council", "url": "https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/1718/panel_experts/reports", "year": 2024 }, { "title": "Guidance to Address Illicit Shipping and Sanctions Evasion Practices", "publisher": "U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of the Treasury and U.S. Coast Guard", "url": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20200514", "year": 2020 } ] } ] }