Sanctions programmes
What each major sanctions programme actually restricts, which authorities administer it, when it started, and which evasion techniques appear in its enforcement record.
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A programme is not a country. Most of these restrict particular parties, sectors, goods or services rather than all dealings with a place, which means the operative question is almost never whether a country is sanctioned but whether this transaction, with these parties, in this sector, is prohibited.
- Belarus sanctions Measures imposed after 2020 and expanded from 2022, largely mirroring the Russia programme in scope and, deliberately, in the gaps it is meant to close.
- Iran sanctions A layered set of US, EU and UN measures dating from 1979 and substantially rebuilt after 2018, covering energy, finance, shipping, and proliferation-related procurement.
- North Korea sanctions The most comprehensive UN-mandated regime, prohibiting most trade with North Korea, backed by Panel of Experts reporting that documents evasion in unusual detail.
- Russia sanctions Measures imposed from 2014 and greatly expanded from 2022, combining designations, sectoral restrictions, export controls and a price cap on seaborne oil.
- Syria sanctions US, EU and UK measures restricting dealings with the Syrian government, its energy sector and designated parties, with substantial humanitarian carve-outs.
- Venezuela sanctions US measures targeting the Venezuelan government, the state oil company and designated individuals, with restrictions on debt, equity and petroleum dealings.