{
  "meta": {
    "description": "Red-flag indicators for sanctions and export control evasion, each attributed to the published advisory or typology report it comes from.",
    "count": 74,
    "licence": "CC BY 4.0 for this compilation. The underlying indicators are the property of their publishers.",
    "generated": "2026-09-15T05:48:19.440Z"
  },
  "indicators": [
    {
      "id": "corp-01",
      "indicator": "A trade entity is registered at what looks like a mass registration address — a post-box, a high-density residential building or a commercial complex with no specific unit given.",
      "sourceQuote": "registered at an address that is likely to be a mass registration address",
      "category": "corporate",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "front-companies",
        "shell-company-layering",
        "professional-enablers"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "corp-02",
      "indicator": "A newly formed or recently reactivated trade entity suddenly engages in high-volume, high-value trade, in a sector with high barriers to entry.",
      "sourceQuote": "newly formed or recently re-activated trade entity engages in high-volume",
      "category": "corporate",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "front-companies",
        "phantom-shipments",
        "trade-misinvoicing"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "corp-03",
      "indicator": "Owners or senior managers appear to be nominees concealing the actual beneficial owners: they lack business management experience, lack knowledge of transaction details, or manage multiple companies.",
      "sourceQuote": "appear to be nominees acting to conceal the actual beneficial owners",
      "category": "corporate",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "nominee-directors",
        "professional-enablers",
        "shell-company-layering"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "corp-04",
      "indicator": "The entity's trade activity is inconsistent with its stated line of business — a car dealer exporting clothing, or a precious metals dealer importing seafood.",
      "sourceQuote": "trade activity is inconsistent with the stated line of business",
      "category": "corporate",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "front-companies",
        "trade-misinvoicing",
        "third-country-bank-accounts"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "corp-05",
      "indicator": "The corporate structure is unusually complex and illogical, involving shell companies or companies registered in high-risk jurisdictions.",
      "sourceQuote": "corporate structure of a trade entity appears unusually complex and illogical",
      "category": "corporate",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "shell-company-layering",
        "ownership-threshold-structuring",
        "professional-enablers"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "corp-06",
      "indicator": "Shareholders or directors are formal nominees whose nominator is undisclosed, or informal nominees such as close associates and family.",
      "sourceQuote": "informal nominee shareholders and directors, such as close associates and family",
      "category": "corporate",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Concealment-beneficial-ownership.html",
      "year": 2018,
      "locator": "Concealment of Beneficial Ownership",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "nominee-directors",
        "ownership-threshold-structuring",
        "front-companies"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "corp-07",
      "indicator": "Control over the assets is exercised through third parties — professional intermediaries, family members, associates or nominees — rather than through recorded ownership.",
      "sourceQuote": "control can also be exerted via third parties",
      "category": "corporate",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Concealment-beneficial-ownership.html",
      "year": 2018,
      "locator": "Concealment of Beneficial Ownership",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "nominee-directors",
        "ownership-threshold-structuring",
        "shell-company-layering"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "corp-08",
      "indicator": "A jurisdiction permits companies to act as directors without restriction, so no natural person need appear in the filings at all.",
      "sourceQuote": "unrestricted use of legal persons as directors",
      "category": "corporate",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Concealment-beneficial-ownership.html",
      "year": 2018,
      "locator": "Concealment of Beneficial Ownership",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "nominee-directors",
        "professional-enablers"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "corp-09",
      "indicator": "The entity has no online presence, or a website whose content is boilerplate taken from other sites and shows no knowledge of the product or industry it trades in.",
      "sourceQuote": "lacks an online presence",
      "category": "corporate",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "front-companies",
        "shell-company-layering",
        "phantom-shipments"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "corp-10",
      "indicator": "The entity shows unexplained periods of dormancy, or is not compliant with routine business obligations such as filing VAT returns.",
      "sourceQuote": "unexplained periods of dormancy",
      "category": "corporate",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "front-companies",
        "shell-company-layering"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "corp-11",
      "indicator": "The entity maintains a minimal number of working staff, inconsistent with the volume of commodities it trades.",
      "sourceQuote": "maintains a minimal number of working staff",
      "category": "corporate",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "front-companies",
        "trade-misinvoicing",
        "phantom-shipments"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "corp-12",
      "indicator": "Assets are distributed across multiple companies in multiple jurisdictions, so value passes through several layers of shell companies before reaching its destination.",
      "sourceQuote": "shell companies can be used in complex structures",
      "category": "corporate",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Concealment-beneficial-ownership.html",
      "year": 2018,
      "locator": "Concealment of Beneficial Ownership",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "front-companies",
        "shell-company-layering",
        "nominee-directors"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "corp-13",
      "indicator": "The customer has little or no business background.",
      "sourceQuote": "customer has little or no business background",
      "category": "corporate",
      "source": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/subtitle-B/chapter-VII/subchapter-C/part-732/appendix-Supplement%20No.%203%20to%20Part%20732",
      "year": 2025,
      "locator": "EAR Supplement No. 3 to Part 732, Red Flags",
      "authority": "BIS",
      "techniques": [
        "front-companies",
        "dual-use-re-export",
        "end-user-certificate-fraud"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "corp-14",
      "indicator": "A foreign party to the transaction has one or more owners that are listed on the Entity List or the Military End User List.",
      "sourceQuote": "one or more owners that are listed on the entity list",
      "category": "corporate",
      "source": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/subtitle-B/chapter-VII/subchapter-C/part-732/appendix-Supplement%20No.%203%20to%20Part%20732",
      "year": 2025,
      "locator": "EAR Supplement No. 3 to Part 732, Red Flags",
      "authority": "BIS",
      "techniques": [
        "ownership-threshold-structuring",
        "front-companies",
        "dual-use-re-export"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trade-01",
      "indicator": "Invoices or other trade documents show fees or prices out of line with commercial considerations, inconsistent with market value, or fluctuating sharply from comparable past transactions.",
      "sourceQuote": "inconsistent with market value",
      "category": "trade",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "trade-misinvoicing",
        "hs-code-misclassification"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trade-02",
      "indicator": "There are inconsistencies across contracts, invoices and other trade documents — contradictory party names, differing prices, or discrepancies in the quantity, quality, volume or value of the commodities against their descriptions.",
      "sourceQuote": "inconsistencies across contracts, invoices or other trade documents",
      "category": "trade",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "trade-misinvoicing",
        "phantom-shipments"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trade-03",
      "indicator": "The value of an entity's registered imports does not match the volume of its foreign bank transfers for imports, or its registered exports do not match incoming foreign transfers.",
      "sourceQuote": "volume of foreign bank transfers",
      "category": "trade",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "trade-misinvoicing",
        "phantom-shipments",
        "correspondent-banking-abuse"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trade-04",
      "indicator": "Trade documents describe the commodity only generically or non-specifically, in terms too vague to classify or value it.",
      "sourceQuote": "vague descriptions of the traded commodities",
      "category": "trade",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "hs-code-misclassification",
        "trade-misinvoicing"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trade-05",
      "indicator": "Trade or customs documents are missing, appear to be counterfeit, contain false or misleading information, resubmit previously rejected documents, or are frequently modified or amended.",
      "sourceQuote": "appear to be counterfeits",
      "category": "trade",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "hs-code-misclassification",
        "trade-misinvoicing",
        "cargo-origin-blending"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trade-06",
      "indicator": "Commodities imported under a temporary importation or inward processing regime are subsequently exported with falsified documents.",
      "sourceQuote": "temporary importation and inward processing",
      "category": "trade",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "hs-code-misclassification",
        "third-country-transshipment",
        "cargo-origin-blending"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trade-07",
      "indicator": "Payment for imported commodities is made by an entity other than the consignee with no clear economic reason — for instance by a shell or front company not party to the trade.",
      "sourceQuote": "payment for imported commodities is made by an entity other than the consignee",
      "category": "trade",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "trade-misinvoicing",
        "third-country-bank-accounts",
        "correspondent-banking-abuse"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trade-08",
      "indicator": "Shipments are routed through a number of jurisdictions without economic or commercial justification.",
      "sourceQuote": "routed through a number of jurisdictions without economic or commercial justification",
      "category": "trade",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "third-country-transshipment",
        "dual-use-re-export",
        "cargo-origin-blending"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trade-09",
      "indicator": "Contracts supporting complex or regular trade are unusually simple, following a sample contract structure available on the internet.",
      "sourceQuote": "follow a “sample contract” structure",
      "category": "trade",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "trade-misinvoicing",
        "phantom-shipments",
        "professional-enablers"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trade-10",
      "indicator": "The product's capabilities do not fit the buyer's line of business — the example given is a small bakery ordering several sophisticated lasers.",
      "sourceQuote": "capabilities do not fit the buyer's line of business",
      "category": "trade",
      "source": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/subtitle-B/chapter-VII/subchapter-C/part-732/appendix-Supplement%20No.%203%20to%20Part%20732",
      "year": 2025,
      "locator": "EAR Supplement No. 3 to Part 732, Red Flags",
      "authority": "BIS",
      "techniques": [
        "dual-use-re-export",
        "end-user-certificate-fraud",
        "aviation-parts-procurement"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trade-11",
      "indicator": "The customer or purchasing agent is reluctant to offer information about the end use of a product.",
      "sourceQuote": "reluctant to offer information about the end-use",
      "category": "trade",
      "source": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/subtitle-B/chapter-VII/subchapter-C/part-732/appendix-Supplement%20No.%203%20to%20Part%20732",
      "year": 2025,
      "locator": "EAR Supplement No. 3 to Part 732, Red Flags",
      "authority": "BIS",
      "techniques": [
        "end-user-certificate-fraud",
        "dual-use-re-export"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trade-12",
      "indicator": "The product ordered is incompatible with the technical level of the country it is being shipped to — semiconductor manufacturing equipment to a country with no electronics industry.",
      "sourceQuote": "incompatible with the technical level of the country",
      "category": "trade",
      "source": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/subtitle-B/chapter-VII/subchapter-C/part-732/appendix-Supplement%20No.%203%20to%20Part%20732",
      "year": 2025,
      "locator": "EAR Supplement No. 3 to Part 732, Red Flags",
      "authority": "BIS",
      "techniques": [
        "dual-use-re-export",
        "third-country-transshipment"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trade-13",
      "indicator": "Routine installation, training or maintenance services are declined by the customer.",
      "sourceQuote": "installation, training or maintenance services are declined",
      "category": "trade",
      "source": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/subtitle-B/chapter-VII/subchapter-C/part-732/appendix-Supplement%20No.%203%20to%20Part%20732",
      "year": 2025,
      "locator": "EAR Supplement No. 3 to Part 732, Red Flags",
      "authority": "BIS",
      "techniques": [
        "end-user-certificate-fraud",
        "aviation-parts-procurement",
        "dual-use-re-export"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trade-14",
      "indicator": "A freight forwarding firm is listed as the product's final destination.",
      "sourceQuote": "freight forwarding firm is listed as the product's final destination",
      "category": "trade",
      "source": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/subtitle-B/chapter-VII/subchapter-C/part-732/appendix-Supplement%20No.%203%20to%20Part%20732",
      "year": 2025,
      "locator": "EAR Supplement No. 3 to Part 732, Red Flags",
      "authority": "BIS",
      "techniques": [
        "end-user-certificate-fraud",
        "third-country-transshipment",
        "professional-enablers"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trade-15",
      "indicator": "The customer is willing to pay cash for a very expensive item when the terms of sale call for financing.",
      "sourceQuote": "willing to pay cash for a very expensive item",
      "category": "trade",
      "source": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/subtitle-B/chapter-VII/subchapter-C/part-732/appendix-Supplement%20No.%203%20to%20Part%20732",
      "year": 2025,
      "locator": "EAR Supplement No. 3 to Part 732, Red Flags",
      "authority": "BIS",
      "techniques": [
        "dual-use-re-export",
        "aviation-parts-procurement"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trade-16",
      "indicator": "Packaging is inconsistent with the stated method of shipment or the stated destination.",
      "sourceQuote": "packaging is inconsistent with the stated method of shipment",
      "category": "trade",
      "source": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/subtitle-B/chapter-VII/subchapter-C/part-732/appendix-Supplement%20No.%203%20to%20Part%20732",
      "year": 2025,
      "locator": "EAR Supplement No. 3 to Part 732, Red Flags",
      "authority": "BIS",
      "techniques": [
        "dual-use-re-export",
        "phantom-shipments",
        "end-user-certificate-fraud"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trade-17",
      "indicator": "The buyer, when questioned, is evasive or unclear about whether the product is for domestic use, export or re-export.",
      "sourceQuote": "evasive or unclear about whether the purchased product is for domestic use",
      "category": "trade",
      "source": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/subtitle-B/chapter-VII/subchapter-C/part-732/appendix-Supplement%20No.%203%20to%20Part%20732",
      "year": 2025,
      "locator": "EAR Supplement No. 3 to Part 732, Red Flags",
      "authority": "BIS",
      "techniques": [
        "end-user-certificate-fraud",
        "dual-use-re-export",
        "aviation-parts-procurement"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trade-18",
      "indicator": "The shipping route is abnormal for the product and the destination.",
      "sourceQuote": "shipping route is abnormal for the product and destination",
      "category": "trade",
      "source": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/subtitle-B/chapter-VII/subchapter-C/part-732/appendix-Supplement%20No.%203%20to%20Part%20732",
      "year": 2025,
      "locator": "EAR Supplement No. 3 to Part 732, Red Flags",
      "authority": "BIS",
      "techniques": [
        "third-country-transshipment",
        "dual-use-re-export",
        "hs-code-misclassification"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trade-19",
      "indicator": "The customer is unfamiliar with the product's performance characteristics but still wants the product.",
      "sourceQuote": "unfamiliar with the product's performance characteristics",
      "category": "trade",
      "source": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/subtitle-B/chapter-VII/subchapter-C/part-732/appendix-Supplement%20No.%203%20to%20Part%20732",
      "year": 2025,
      "locator": "EAR Supplement No. 3 to Part 732, Red Flags",
      "authority": "BIS",
      "techniques": [
        "dual-use-re-export",
        "end-user-certificate-fraud"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trade-20",
      "indicator": "Delivery dates are vague, or deliveries are planned for out-of-the-way destinations.",
      "sourceQuote": "delivery dates are vague",
      "category": "trade",
      "source": "U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/subtitle-B/chapter-VII/subchapter-C/part-732/appendix-Supplement%20No.%203%20to%20Part%20732",
      "year": 2025,
      "locator": "EAR Supplement No. 3 to Part 732, Red Flags",
      "authority": "BIS",
      "techniques": [
        "phantom-shipments",
        "third-country-transshipment",
        "end-user-certificate-fraud"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trade-21",
      "indicator": "An entity purchases commodities allegedly on its own account, but the purchases clearly exceed its economic capabilities and are financed by sudden cash deposits or third-party transfers.",
      "sourceQuote": "purchases clearly exceed the economic capabilities",
      "category": "trade",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "trade-misinvoicing",
        "front-companies",
        "phantom-shipments"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trade-22",
      "indicator": "A trade entity consistently shows unreasonably low profit margins — importing wholesale commodities at or above retail value, or reselling at or below purchase price.",
      "sourceQuote": "unreasonably low profit margins",
      "category": "trade",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "trade-misinvoicing",
        "hs-code-misclassification"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "trade-23",
      "indicator": "The entity engages in complex trade deals involving numerous third-party intermediaries in incongruent lines of business.",
      "sourceQuote": "intermediaries in incongruent lines of business",
      "category": "trade",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "third-country-transshipment",
        "professional-enablers",
        "shell-company-layering"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mar-01",
      "indicator": "AIS data is manipulated so that a ship broadcasts a different name, IMO number, MMSI or other identifying information — a practice referred to as spoofing.",
      "sourceQuote": "manipulating ais data",
      "category": "maritime",
      "source": "OFAC, State and U.S. Coast Guard",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20200514",
      "year": 2020,
      "locator": "Guidance to Address Illicit Shipping and Sanctions Evasion Practices",
      "authority": "OFAC",
      "techniques": [
        "ais-manipulation",
        "ship-to-ship-transfers"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mar-02",
      "indicator": "Transmitted AIS patterns or data are inconsistent with the ship's actual location.",
      "sourceQuote": "irregular ais patterns or data that are inconsistent with actual ship locations",
      "category": "maritime",
      "source": "Price Cap Coalition",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20231012",
      "year": 2023,
      "locator": "Price Cap Coalition Advisory for the Maritime Oil Industry",
      "authority": "OFAC",
      "techniques": [
        "ais-manipulation",
        "flag-hopping",
        "ship-to-ship-transfers"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mar-03",
      "indicator": "Ship-to-ship transfers are conducted at night or in areas assessed as high risk for sanctions evasion, concealing the origin or destination of the cargo.",
      "sourceQuote": "ship-to-ship (sts) transfers",
      "category": "maritime",
      "source": "OFAC, State and U.S. Coast Guard",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20200514",
      "year": 2020,
      "locator": "Guidance to Address Illicit Shipping and Sanctions Evasion Practices",
      "authority": "OFAC",
      "techniques": [
        "ship-to-ship-transfers",
        "cargo-origin-blending",
        "ais-manipulation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mar-04",
      "indicator": "A ship-to-ship transfer conceals the origin or destination of cargo rather than serving an operational purpose.",
      "sourceQuote": "sts transfers can conceal the origin or destination of cargo",
      "category": "maritime",
      "source": "OFAC",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20190325",
      "year": 2019,
      "locator": "Syria Shipping Advisory",
      "authority": "OFAC",
      "techniques": [
        "ship-to-ship-transfers",
        "cargo-origin-blending"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mar-05",
      "indicator": "A vessel repeatedly registers with new flag states — flag hopping — or falsifies its flag outright to mask illicit trade.",
      "sourceQuote": "false flags and flag hopping",
      "category": "maritime",
      "source": "OFAC, State and U.S. Coast Guard",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20200514",
      "year": 2020,
      "locator": "Guidance to Address Illicit Shipping and Sanctions Evasion Practices",
      "authority": "OFAC",
      "techniques": [
        "flag-hopping",
        "opaque-marine-insurance",
        "ship-to-ship-transfers"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mar-06",
      "indicator": "A ship has undergone numerous administrative changes, such as repeated re-flagging.",
      "sourceQuote": "numerous administrative changes",
      "category": "maritime",
      "source": "Price Cap Coalition",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20231012",
      "year": 2023,
      "locator": "Price Cap Coalition Advisory for the Maritime Oil Industry",
      "authority": "OFAC",
      "techniques": [
        "flag-hopping",
        "opaque-marine-insurance",
        "shell-company-layering"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mar-07",
      "indicator": "Vessel names and IMO numbers have been painted over with alternate ones so the ship can pass itself off as a different vessel.",
      "sourceQuote": "painting over vessel names and imo numbers with alternate ones",
      "category": "maritime",
      "source": "OFAC",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20180223",
      "year": 2018,
      "locator": "North Korea Vessel Advisory",
      "authority": "OFAC",
      "techniques": [
        "flag-hopping",
        "ais-manipulation",
        "ship-to-ship-transfers"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mar-08",
      "indicator": "A vessel physically alters the identification it is required to display on its hull or superstructure.",
      "sourceQuote": "physically altering vessel identification",
      "category": "maritime",
      "source": "OFAC",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20180223",
      "year": 2018,
      "locator": "North Korea Vessel Advisory",
      "authority": "OFAC",
      "techniques": [
        "ais-manipulation",
        "flag-hopping"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mar-09",
      "indicator": "Shipping documentation for petrochemicals, petroleum, metals or sand has been falsified in order to disguise the cargo's origin.",
      "sourceQuote": "in order to disguise their origin",
      "category": "maritime",
      "source": "OFAC, State and U.S. Coast Guard",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20200514",
      "year": 2020,
      "locator": "Guidance to Address Illicit Shipping and Sanctions Evasion Practices",
      "authority": "OFAC",
      "techniques": [
        "cargo-origin-blending",
        "trade-misinvoicing",
        "third-country-transshipment"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mar-10",
      "indicator": "A ship relies on unknown, untested, sporadic or fraudulent insurance, without which it could not meet the costs of an accident or spill.",
      "sourceQuote": "unknown, untested, sporadic, or fraudulent insurance",
      "category": "maritime",
      "source": "Price Cap Coalition",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20231012",
      "year": 2023,
      "locator": "Price Cap Coalition Advisory for the Maritime Oil Industry",
      "authority": "OFAC",
      "techniques": [
        "opaque-marine-insurance",
        "flag-hopping",
        "price-cap-attestation-fraud"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mar-11",
      "indicator": "An insurer's financial soundness, track record, regulatory record or ownership structure cannot be established on review.",
      "sourceQuote": "financial soundness, track record, regulatory record",
      "category": "maritime",
      "source": "Price Cap Coalition",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20231012",
      "year": 2023,
      "locator": "Price Cap Coalition Advisory for the Maritime Oil Industry",
      "authority": "OFAC",
      "techniques": [
        "opaque-marine-insurance",
        "price-cap-attestation-fraud"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mar-12",
      "indicator": "Shipping and ancillary costs such as freight, customs and insurance are inflated or bundled, concealing the price actually paid for the oil.",
      "sourceQuote": "inflation of shipping and ancillary costs",
      "category": "maritime",
      "source": "Price Cap Coalition",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20231012",
      "year": 2023,
      "locator": "Price Cap Coalition Advisory for the Maritime Oil Industry",
      "authority": "OFAC",
      "techniques": [
        "price-cap-attestation-fraud",
        "trade-misinvoicing",
        "opaque-marine-insurance"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mar-13",
      "indicator": "A counterparty will not provide an itemised breakdown of all costs from which the price paid for the oil could be determined.",
      "sourceQuote": "itemized breakdown of all costs",
      "category": "maritime",
      "source": "Price Cap Coalition",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20231012",
      "year": 2023,
      "locator": "Price Cap Coalition Advisory for the Maritime Oil Industry",
      "authority": "OFAC",
      "techniques": [
        "price-cap-attestation-fraud",
        "trade-misinvoicing"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mar-14",
      "indicator": "Intermediary companies such as managers, traders or brokerages conceal their beneficial ownership or otherwise engage in unusually opaque practices.",
      "sourceQuote": "conceal their beneficial ownership",
      "category": "maritime",
      "source": "Price Cap Coalition",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20231012",
      "year": 2023,
      "locator": "Price Cap Coalition Advisory for the Maritime Oil Industry",
      "authority": "OFAC",
      "techniques": [
        "flag-hopping",
        "shell-company-layering",
        "opaque-marine-insurance",
        "front-companies"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mar-15",
      "indicator": "A vessel navigates suspicious deviations in route — changes with no legitimate reason to go off-route, such as unsafe ports, extreme weather or emergencies.",
      "sourceQuote": "suspicious deviations in routes",
      "category": "maritime",
      "source": "OFAC, State and U.S. Coast Guard",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20200514",
      "year": 2020,
      "locator": "Guidance to Address Illicit Shipping and Sanctions Evasion Practices",
      "authority": "OFAC",
      "techniques": [
        "ais-manipulation",
        "ship-to-ship-transfers",
        "cargo-origin-blending"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mar-16",
      "indicator": "Malign actors disguise the ultimate origin or destination of cargo by indirect routing, unscheduled detours, or transit through third countries.",
      "sourceQuote": "voyage irregularities",
      "category": "maritime",
      "source": "OFAC, State and U.S. Coast Guard",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20200514",
      "year": 2020,
      "locator": "Guidance to Address Illicit Shipping and Sanctions Evasion Practices",
      "authority": "OFAC",
      "techniques": [
        "ais-manipulation",
        "phantom-shipments",
        "cargo-origin-blending"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mar-17",
      "indicator": "Bills of lading alleging oil, petrochemicals, fuel or metals from areas assessed as high risk for sanctions evasion are presented without further scrutiny of the cargo's origin.",
      "sourceQuote": "reviewing bills of lading to confirm origin of the cargo",
      "category": "maritime",
      "source": "OFAC, State and U.S. Coast Guard",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20200514",
      "year": 2020,
      "locator": "Guidance to Address Illicit Shipping and Sanctions Evasion Practices",
      "authority": "OFAC",
      "techniques": [
        "cargo-origin-blending",
        "trade-misinvoicing",
        "phantom-shipments"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mar-18",
      "indicator": "AIS is disabled for periods inconsistent with the safety convention that requires it to be transmitted.",
      "sourceQuote": "disabling automatic identification system",
      "category": "maritime",
      "source": "OFAC",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20190325",
      "year": 2019,
      "locator": "Syria Shipping Advisory",
      "authority": "OFAC",
      "techniques": [
        "ais-manipulation",
        "ship-to-ship-transfers"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "fin-01",
      "indicator": "A respondent provides correspondent banking services onward to other institutions — a downstream, or nested, arrangement — so the correspondent serves customers it never onboarded.",
      "sourceQuote": "downstream fi (also referred to as “nested”)",
      "category": "financial",
      "source": "The Wolfsberg Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.wolfsberg-principles.com/",
      "year": 2022,
      "locator": "Wolfsberg Financial Crime Principles for Correspondent Banking",
      "authority": "Wolfsberg Group",
      "techniques": [
        "correspondent-banking-abuse",
        "third-country-bank-accounts"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "fin-02",
      "indicator": "It cannot be determined whether the respondent has controls in place to ensure payment transparency in the services it offers onward.",
      "sourceQuote": "controls are in place to ensure payment transparency",
      "category": "financial",
      "source": "The Wolfsberg Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.wolfsberg-principles.com/",
      "year": 2022,
      "locator": "Wolfsberg Financial Crime Principles for Correspondent Banking",
      "authority": "Wolfsberg Group",
      "techniques": [
        "correspondent-banking-abuse",
        "third-country-bank-accounts"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "fin-03",
      "indicator": "An account functions as a pay-through or transit account: rapid movement of high-volume transactions with a small end-of-day balance and no clear business reason.",
      "sourceQuote": "rapid movement of high-volume transactions",
      "category": "financial",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "third-country-bank-accounts",
        "shell-company-layering",
        "hawala-and-informal-value-transfer"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "fin-04",
      "indicator": "Incoming wire transfers to a trade-related account are split and forwarded to unrelated accounts with little or no connection to commercial activity.",
      "sourceQuote": "forwarded to non- related multiple accounts",
      "category": "financial",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "third-country-bank-accounts",
        "correspondent-banking-abuse",
        "trade-misinvoicing"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "fin-05",
      "indicator": "Payments are routed in a circle: funds sent from one country and received back in the same country after passing through others.",
      "sourceQuote": "payments are routed in a circle",
      "category": "financial",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "third-country-bank-accounts",
        "hawala-and-informal-value-transfer",
        "trade-misinvoicing"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "fin-06",
      "indicator": "Very late changes are made to payment arrangements — payment redirected to a previously unknown entity at the last moment, or changes to the scheduled date or amount.",
      "sourceQuote": "very late changes to payment arrangements",
      "category": "financial",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "trade-misinvoicing",
        "third-country-bank-accounts",
        "correspondent-banking-abuse"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "fin-07",
      "indicator": "An account shows frequent cash deposits subsequently transferred to persons or entities in free trade zones or offshore jurisdictions with no business relationship to the account holder.",
      "sourceQuote": "frequent deposits in cash",
      "category": "financial",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "hawala-and-informal-value-transfer",
        "third-country-bank-accounts",
        "gold-and-commodity-barter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "fin-08",
      "indicator": "Brokers settle debts owed to one another by fulfilling the other's commercial obligations — paying a debt or an invoice of the same value — rather than by transferring funds.",
      "sourceQuote": "settle accounts by fulfilling commercial obligations",
      "category": "financial",
      "source": "FATF",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Role-hawalas-in-ml-tf.html",
      "year": 2013,
      "locator": "The Role of Hawala and Other Similar Service Providers",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "hawala-and-informal-value-transfer",
        "gold-and-commodity-barter",
        "trade-misinvoicing"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "fin-09",
      "indicator": "Settlement between operators is made through value or cash outside the banking system, including by cash couriers, rather than through traceable transfers.",
      "sourceQuote": "the use of cash couriers",
      "category": "financial",
      "source": "FATF",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Role-hawalas-in-ml-tf.html",
      "year": 2013,
      "locator": "The Role of Hawala and Other Similar Service Providers",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "hawala-and-informal-value-transfer",
        "gold-and-commodity-barter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "fin-10",
      "indicator": "An operator's settlement commingles licit and illicit proceeds and nets obligations across jurisdictions, masking the individual fund transfers.",
      "sourceQuote": "commingling of licit and illicit proceeds",
      "category": "financial",
      "source": "FATF",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Role-hawalas-in-ml-tf.html",
      "year": 2013,
      "locator": "The Role of Hawala and Other Similar Service Providers",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "hawala-and-informal-value-transfer",
        "gold-and-commodity-barter",
        "trade-misinvoicing"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "fin-11",
      "indicator": "The operator's business includes gold dealing alongside money transfer and currency exchange.",
      "sourceQuote": "gold dealing",
      "category": "financial",
      "source": "FATF",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Role-hawalas-in-ml-tf.html",
      "year": 2013,
      "locator": "The Role of Hawala and Other Similar Service Providers",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "hawala-and-informal-value-transfer",
        "gold-and-commodity-barter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "fin-12",
      "indicator": "An account shows an unexpectedly high number or value of transactions inconsistent with the client's stated business activity.",
      "sourceQuote": "inconsistent with the stated business activity of the client",
      "category": "financial",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "third-country-bank-accounts",
        "trade-misinvoicing",
        "correspondent-banking-abuse"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "fin-13",
      "indicator": "Cash deposits or other transactions are consistently just below the relevant reporting thresholds.",
      "sourceQuote": "consistently just below relevant reporting thresholds",
      "category": "financial",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "third-country-bank-accounts",
        "hawala-and-informal-value-transfer"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "fin-14",
      "indicator": "Transaction activity associated with a trade entity increases quickly and significantly in volume, then goes dormant after a short period.",
      "sourceQuote": "goes dormant after a short period",
      "category": "financial",
      "source": "FATF and Egmont Group",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Trade-based-money-laundering-indicators.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Trade-Based Money Laundering: Risk Indicators",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "front-companies",
        "phantom-shipments",
        "third-country-bank-accounts"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "cry-01",
      "indicator": "A firm holds internet protocol address information about its users but does not use it to screen for and prevent potential sanctions violations.",
      "sourceQuote": "did not use the ip address information it collected",
      "category": "crypto",
      "source": "OFAC",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20211015",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Sanctions Compliance Guidance for the Virtual Currency Industry",
      "authority": "OFAC",
      "techniques": [
        "crypto-rails",
        "stablecoin-settlement",
        "mixers-and-chain-hopping"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "cry-02",
      "indicator": "Geolocation tools and IP address blocking controls are not used to identify and prevent access from sanctioned jurisdictions.",
      "sourceQuote": "geolocation tools and ip address blocking controls",
      "category": "crypto",
      "source": "OFAC",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20211015",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Sanctions Compliance Guidance for the Virtual Currency Industry",
      "authority": "OFAC",
      "techniques": [
        "crypto-rails",
        "stablecoin-settlement"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "cry-03",
      "indicator": "Customer information obtained at onboarding and through the relationship is not used to conduct due diligence sufficient to mitigate sanctions risk.",
      "sourceQuote": "know your customer (kyc) procedures",
      "category": "crypto",
      "source": "OFAC",
      "sourceUrl": "https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20211015",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Sanctions Compliance Guidance for the Virtual Currency Industry",
      "authority": "OFAC",
      "techniques": [
        "crypto-rails",
        "stablecoin-settlement",
        "mixers-and-chain-hopping"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "cry-04",
      "indicator": "Value moves through anonymity-enhanced cryptocurrencies, mixers and tumblers, decentralised platforms or privacy wallets that reduce transparency and increase obfuscation of financial flows.",
      "sourceQuote": "mixers and tumblers",
      "category": "crypto",
      "source": "FATF",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfrecommendations/Guidance-rba-virtual-assets-2021.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Updated Guidance for a Risk-Based Approach to Virtual Assets and VASPs",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "mixers-and-chain-hopping",
        "crypto-rails",
        "stablecoin-settlement"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "cry-05",
      "indicator": "Products and services are used specifically because they enable or allow for reduced transparency and increased obfuscation of financial flows.",
      "sourceQuote": "reduced transparency and increased obfuscation",
      "category": "crypto",
      "source": "FATF",
      "sourceUrl": "https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfrecommendations/Guidance-rba-virtual-assets-2021.html",
      "year": 2021,
      "locator": "Updated Guidance for a Risk-Based Approach to Virtual Assets and VASPs",
      "authority": "FATF",
      "techniques": [
        "mixers-and-chain-hopping",
        "crypto-rails"
      ]
    }
  ]
}